Borna disease virus-specific T cells protect against or cause immunopathological Borna disease

In this report we show that passive immunization of Lewis rats with viable CD4+, Borna disease virus (BDV)-specific T cells before infection with BDV resulted in protection against BD, whereas inoculation of these T cells after BDV infection induced clinical disease with more rapid onset than seen in BDV control animals. The protective as well as encephalitogenic effector functions of BDV-specific CD4+ T cells were mediated only by viable BDV-specific T cells. The protective situation was obtained by passive transfer of BDV-specific T cells into animals inoculated later with virus, whereas the immunopathological situation was observed when virus-specific T cells developed normally or after adoptive transfer, and appeared on the scene after considerable virus replication in the brain.